ECONOMETRIC MODELLING IN THE PERSONNEL EVALUATION SYSTEM OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES

Authors

Keywords:

econometric analysis, European Union, human resources, mathematical models, recruitment, utility theory.

Abstract

This article examines the problem of assessing individual profiles of company employees across the EU, as well as candidate requirements for positions,based on the application of utility theory and the competence-based approach. Particular attention is paid to the justification of differences in the criteria and requirements for candidates on the part of managers representing different generations, who have distinct preferences and values when selecting candidates. The study focused on the processes of candidate evaluation, selection for various positions and salary determination by using competence-based approach for industrial enterprises in EU countries. The aims of the study were to develop a competence-based approach to human resource management in European industrial enterprises; to create a set of mathematical models for individual profiles in human resource management, specifically for evaluating the preferences of HR recruiters and job candidates across different generations; and to analyse wage formation based on competence models. The authors have developed original models that consider various preferences and requirements for candidates for various positions, as well as an objective assessment of salary levels. These models can be used in various candidate assessment programs for various industrial companies in Central and Eastern Europe.

JEL: C50, D91, J31.

Author Biographies

Nadiya DUBROVINA, Bratislava University of Economics and Management, Bratislava, Slovakia

PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Economics and Finance

Russell GERRARD, University of London, London, UK

PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Actuarial Science and Insurance, Bayes Business School, City St George’s

Stefan GRASER, Bratislava University of Economics and Management, Bratislava, Slovakia.

PhD Student, Department of Economics and Finance

Oksana TULAI, West Ukrainian National University, Ternopil, Ukraine. 

DSc (Economics), Professor, Department of International Relations and Diplomacy

References

Armstrong, M., & Taylor, S. (2017). Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page.

Baker, E. L., O'Neil, H. F., & Linn, R. L. (1993). Policy and validity prospects for performance-based assessment. American Psychologist, 48(12), 1210–1218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.12.1210

Bal-Domańska, B., & Sobczak, E. (2018). Educational potential and the situation of the youth on the labour market in the European Union regions. In W. P. Jedlicka, P. Marešová, & Soukal I. (Eds.), Proceedings of the international scientific conference Hradec Economic Days 2018, Part I (Vol. 8, pp. 20-31). University of Hradec Kralove. https://doi.org/10.36689/uhk/hed/2018-01-002

Ballarino, G., Meschi, E., & Scervini, F. (2013). GINI DP 83: The expansion of education in Europe in the 20th century (GINI Discussion Paper No. 83). AIAS, Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies. https://ideas.repec.org/p/aia/ginidp/83.html

Beňová, E., Dubrovina, N., Goncharenko, M., & Dubrovina, V. (2013). Regional disparities in distribution of educational potential of economically active population in the countries of the Central and Eastern Europe. VerejnáSpráva a RegionálnyRozvoj,9(1), 23–35.https://www.vsemba.sk/Portals/0/Subory/VedeckyCasopisVSEMvs_2013_06.pdf

Björnavȯld, J. (2000). Making learning visible: Identification, assessment and recognition of non-formal learning in Europe. Cedefop – European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training. https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/files/3013_en.pdf

Bown, C. P. (2023, December). Modern industrial policy and the WTO (Working Paper No. 23-15). Peterson Institute for International Economics. https://www.piie.com/publications/working-papers/2023/modern-industrialpolicy-and-wto

Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The competent manager: A model for effective performance. Wiley.

Burger, K. (2016). Intergenerational transmission of education in Europe: Do more comprehensive education systems reduce social gradients in student achievement? Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 44, 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2016.02.002

Carless, S. A. (2002, April). Recruitment and job choice: How important are fit perceptions? [Paper presentation]. 17th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Cedefop. (2020). Vocational education and training in Europe, 1995–2035: Scenarios for European vocational education and training in the 21st century (Cedefop Reference Series No. 114). Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2801/794471

Chakrabarty, S.P., & Kanaujiya, A. (2023). Mathematical portfolio theory and analysis. Birkhäuser. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8544-7

Chapman, D. S., Rowe, P. M., & Webster, J. (1999). Modeling applicant reactions to selection interview structure and communication medium: Signal detection, justice or meta-perception? In R. L. Dipboye (Chair), From both sides of the desk: Applicant and interviewer perspectives [Symposium]. 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Atlanta, GA, United States.

Chapman, D. S., Uggerslev, K. L., & Webster, J. (2003). Applicant reactions to face-to-face and technology-mediated interviews: A field investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 944–953. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.944

Nirala, A., & Chaudhary, N. (2014). Recruitment and selection and its current challenges. International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanities, 5(5), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.32804/IRJMSH

Dessler, G. (2020). Human resource management (16th ed.). Pearson.

Dubrovina, N., Hudakova, M., Graser, S., & Grimberger, V. (2022). Education, innovations and development of local markets in CEE countries: Problems and perspectives. European Studies Quarterly, 2022(4), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.22.10

Eraut, M. (1994). Developing professional knowledge and competence(1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203486016

Eraut, M. (2000). Non-formal learning and tacit knowledge in professional work. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70(1), 113–136. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709900158001

Eraut, M. (2001). The role and use of vocational qualifications. National Institute Economic Review, (178), 88–98.https://www.jstor.org/stable/23873277

Euler, D. (2013). Germany's dual vocational training system: A model for other countries? Bertelsmann Stiftung. https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/GP_Germanys_dual_vocational_training_system.pdf

European Commission. (2001). Communication from the Commission: Making a European area of lifelong learning a reality (COM(2001) 678 final). Commission of the European Communities. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/committees/cult/20020122/com(2001)678_en.pdf

European Commission. (2025, March 30). Secondary and post-secondary nontertiary education: Assessment in vocational upper secondary education: Germany. Eurydice-Informationsstelle des Bundes. https://eurydice. eacea.ec.europa.eu/eurypedia/germany/assessment-vocational-upper-secondaryeducation

Gaikwad, S. P., & Vaishnav, V. B. (2022). Stages in recruitment and its importance: A study. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 11(3), 128–131. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18449141

Goldberg, C. B. (2003). Applicant reactions to the employment interview: A look at demographic similarity and social identity theory. Journal of Business Research, 56(8), 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00267-3

Graser, S., Dubrovina, N., & Hudakova, M. (2024a). Comparative analysis of industrial development in Germany, Austria and Slovakia: The problems and perspectives. International Research Journal of Economics and Management Studies, 3(3), 331–344. https://doi.org/10.56472/25835238/IRJEMSV3I3P141

Graser, S., Dubrovina, N., & Hudakova, M. (2024b). Dilemma of the selection of candidate on job position in the company as a problem of utility and game theory. Global Scientific and Academic Research Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 3(3), 11–19. https://gsarpublishers.com/wpcontent/uploads/2024/03/GSARJEBM332024-Gelry-script.pdf

Gupta, P., Fernandes, S. F., & Jain, M. (2018). Automation in recruitment: A new frontier. Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases, 8(2), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41266-018-0042-x

Herrera Sosa, K. M., Hoftijzer, M. A., Gortazar, L., & Ruiz Suarez, M. (2018, May 30). Education in the EU: Diverging learning opportunities?– An analysis of a decade and a half of skills using the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) in the European Union (Working Paper No. 127182). World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/894191528957211270

Houdin, M. (2017, July 28). Youth, skills and the workforce of the future: Simplon.co. MIT Solve. https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/youth-skills-theworkforce-of-the-future/solutions/2019

Jasim, F. T., Jwaid, M. F., & Karthick, M. (2023). Artificial intelligence innovation and human resource recruitment. Tamjeed Journal of Healthcare Engineering and Science Technology, 1(2), 20–29. https://tamjeedpub.com/index.php/TJHEST/article/view/64

Jatobá, M. N., Ferreira, J. J., Fernandes, P. O., & Teixeira, J. P. (2023). Intelligent human resources for the adoption of artificial intelligence: A systematic literature review. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 36(7),1099–1124. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-03-2022-0075

Jerrim, J., Volante, L., Klinger, D. A., & Schnepf, S. V. (2019). Socioeconomic inequality and student outcomes across education systems. In L. Volante, S. V. Schnepf, J. Jerrim, & D. Klinger (Eds.), Socioeconomic inequality and student outcomes: Cross-national trends, policies, and practices (pp. 3–16). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9863-6_1

Kaslow, N. J., Rubin, N. J., Forrest, L., Elman, N. S., Van Horne, B. A., Jacobs, S. C., Huprich, S. K., Benton, S. A., Pantesco, V. F., Dollinger, S. J., Grus, C. L., Behnke, S. H., Miller, D. S. S., Shealy, C. N., Mintz, L. B., SchwartzMette, R., Van Sickle, K., & Thorn, B. E. (2007). Recognizing, assessing, and intervening with problems of professional competence. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(5), 479–492. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.38.5.479

Kassir, S., Baker, L., Dolphin, J., & Polli, F. (2023). AI for hiring in context: A perspective on overcoming the unique challenges of employment research to mitigate disparate impact. AI and Ethics, 3, 845–868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00208-x

Korenková, M., & Urbaníková, M. (2014). Increase of company efficiency through the investment to the employees and its quantitative valuation. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 110, 942–951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.940

Kristof, A. L. (1996). Person-organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implications. Personnel Psychology, 49(1), 1–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1996.tb01790.x

Liszka, D., & Walawender, P. (2021). Cooperation towards supporting dual education systems (vocational education). Humanities and Social Sciences, 28(2), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.7862/rz.2021.hss.14

Mouzakitis, G. S. (2010). The role of vocational education and training curricula in economic development. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 3914–3920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.616

Naqshbandi, M. M., & Jasimuddin, S. M. (2018). Knowledge-oriented leadership and open innovation: Role of knowledge management capability in France - based multinationals. International Business Review, 27(3), 701–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2017.12.001

Nawaz, N. (2019). Artificial intelligence is transforming recruitment effectiveness in CMMI level companies. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 8(6), 3017–3021. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2019/56862019

Nikolaou, I., & Oostrom, J. K. (Eds.). (2015). Employee recruitment, selection, and assessment: Contemporary issues for theory and practice. Psychology Press.

OECD. (2001, December 4). Knowledge and skills for life: First results from PISA 2000 [Report]. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264195905-en

OECD. (2025, October 30). Vocational education and training systems in nine countries [OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training]. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/1a86eb6c-en

Petrovski, V. (2011). Contemporary modern industrial societies and the role of education. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 1362–1365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.293

Pintsuk-Christof, J., & Moritsch, S. (2021). Innovative practices in dual education: A handbook for companies and educational institutions. New Design University.https://www.alpine-space.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/dualplus_handbook_a5_web.pdf

Rafaeli, A. (1999). Pre-employment screening and applicants' attitudes toward an employment opportunity. The Journal of Social Psychology, 139(6), 700–712. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224549909598250

Rodolfa, E., Bent, R. J., Eisman, E., Nelson, P., Rehm, L., & Ritchie, P. (2005). A cube model for competency development: Implications for psychology educators and regulators. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice,36(4), 347–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.4.347

Saaty, T. L. (1977). A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 15(3), 234–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2496(77)90033-5

Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1992). Development of causal models of processes determining job performance. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(3), 89–92. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20182141

Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998). The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 262–274. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.262

Schmidt, F. L., Ones, D. S., & Hunter, J. E. (1992). Personnel selection. Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 627–670. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.43.020192.003211

Tamayo, A. M., Senajo, E., Japay, R., Layasan, S., & Abellanosa, G. (2010, October 4-5). Workers' Nash equilibrium: Application of game theory in business [Paper presentation]. 11th National Convention on Statistics, Philippines. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283663295

Upadhyay, A. K., & Khandelwal, K. (2018). Applying artificial intelligence: Implications for recruitment. Strategic HR Review, 17(5), 255–258. https://doi.org/10.1108/SHR-07-2018-0051

Urbancová, H., Vrabcová, P., Hudáková, M., & Petru, G. J. (2021). Effective training evaluation: The role of factors influencing the evaluation of effectiveness of employee training and development. Sustainability, 13(5), Article 2721. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052721

Welasari, Suwaryo, U., Agustino, L., & Sulaeman, A. (2019). Recruitment and selection of head department (in West Java Province's Government of Indonesia). In Proceedings of the 6th InternationalConference on Social Sciences(Vol. 6,pp. 11–20). https://doi.org/10.17501/2357268X.2019.6102

Wolf, A. (1995). Competence-based assessment. Open University Press.

World Bank. (2018). World development report 2018: Learning to realize education's promise. World Bank Group. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2018

Ye, G. (2022). Critically discuss challenges and recommendations in recruitment and selection. In Proceedings of the 2022 7th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2022)(pp. 274–279). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220307.043

Received: March 6, 2026.

Reviewed: May 15, 2026.

Accepted: June 12, 2026.

Downloads

Published

30.06.2026

How to Cite

DUBROVINA, Nadiya, et al. “ECONOMETRIC MODELLING IN THE PERSONNEL EVALUATION SYSTEM OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES”. Journal of European Economy, vol. 25, no. 2, June 2026, pp. 232-59, https://jeej.wunu.edu.ua/index.php/enjee/article/view/1930.